One of the administrators quoted an elderly near verbatim Essay Example for Free

One of the administrators quoted an elderly near verbatim Essay The present is momentary†¦the future will be short†¦ and the long past had been varied†¦good things†¦bad things†¦success†¦failures†¦love and lovelessness†¦ pain and satisfaction of sacrifice for the loved ones†¦And if we have lived that well enough why mourn for this momentary present and unsure short past? Just leave it God. It is a nice thing to think back †¦. and be happy†¦ Indicators of Affective Component of SWB as Perceived by the Administrators Table 3 presents the affective component of the subjective sense of well-being of the elderly as perceived by the administrators of the home for the aged. Table 3. Administrators’ Perception on the Cognitive Component of SWB among the Elderly Domain Categories f P Affective Component Feeling secure of future care / will be taken care of until death 6 100 Happy and relaxed about physical mobility and health 5 83 Apparently happy and peaceful 4 67 Feeling that the family ties are intact 4 67 Feeling that they are still masters of their lives 3 50 Note: N=6. General = category applied to all the cases (100%). Typical = category applied to more than 4 cases (more than 60%). Variant = category applied to fewer than half the cases but at least 2 cases (30%). According to the findings of this study in Table 3, the administrators (67%) perceived the institutionalized elderly to be apparently happy and peaceful. And their happiness consisted in their sense of having control of their life, whereas for 83% it was also in their feeling physically well. About 67% of the administrators found that the elderly were as they experienced a sense of belongingness to the family. And finally, all the administrators (100%) perceived that they felt secure about their future and having the assurance that they will be taken care of until death put them at ease. The succeeding sample responses of the administrators substantiate the findings of the study on this particular aspect of affective component. They appear to be peaceful and happy at least many of them†¦most of the time. All of them miss their family and they try to put up with it. All of them are reasonably healthy even in their 80 plus years†¦ They are happy that they are able to do their things on their own†¦ In old age specially we want people near†¦but these poor souls†¦actually they are not deserted. Those who have no children and single find it a little easier to cope with this life. But others†¦they understand their children and try to be happy. All are happy when they get a call or being visited†¦they go around telling to everybody possible†¦it is very important for them. Administratiors’ Perception on the Contributing Factors toward SWB Among the Institutionalized Aged. The study also explored the perception of administrators on the factors positively affecting the subjective sense of well-being among the institutionalized aged. Table 4 summarizes categories emerged under different domains. Table 4. Administrators’ Perception on the Contributing Factors toward the SWB among the Elderly Domain Categories f P Physical Health Happy with the accommodation and medical care facilities 6 100 Enjoys age related health / physical mobility 5 83 Enjoys palatable food 5 83 Engage in physical and recreational activities 3 50 Autonomy / Freedom Enjoys individual freedom 6 100 Being treated with respect gives a sense of self-worth and personal power 5 83 Need for privacy and non-intrusion 3 50 Money / Income Security about the future 6 100 Very money conscious 4 67 Sense of power, control, independence and personal pride 5 83 Meaningful Relationships Family. Being wanted and cared for 4 67 Feel connected through communication 4 67 Friendship Friendly and cordial 6 100 Having close friends among co-residents 3 50 More private and prefers to be left alone 3 50 Authority /Caregivers Good relationship 5 83 Feel respected and cared for 5 83 Appreciate the service received from caregivers 3 50 Social Interest / Altruism Reaching out to others through voluntary service 3 50 Hospital visiting and praying for the sick 4 67 Concern about Death Trust in God’s compassion and love 6 100 Feel the need for preparation 4 67. Comfortable with reality of death 3 50 Religion / Spirituality Engage in religious activities and / or personal devotion 6 100 Powerful means of coping 6 100 Sense of pride in being religious 4 67 Source of strength and peace 5 83 Happy about spiritual support received 6 100 Note: N=6. General = category applied to all the cases (100%). Typical = category applied to more than 4 cases (more than 60%). Variant = category applied to fewer than half the cases but at least 2 cases (30%). Administrators’ Perception on the Contributing Factors toward the SWB of the Elderly.

Marketing Strategies For Enterprise Branding Of Tesco China Marketing Essay

Marketing Strategies For Enterprise Branding Of Tesco China Marketing Essay This essay mainly presents marketing strategies for enterprise branding in Chinese markets of the British company Tesco (Tesco Co. LTD). The marketing strategies are divided into different aspects which contain the External Analysis, Budgeting, Products, Services, Market Segmentation, the Brand and the Welfare State. As can be seen from the essay, the services seem to be known as the most important factor of the marketing strategies. Tesco (Tesco co. LTD), which was founded in 1919, is known as one of the most successful supermarkets around the world, in terms of profits, reaching  £59.4bn in sales at the end of 2009 according to the financial statements 2009 (Appendix 1). Whilst many areas of the world may have been partially penetrated by supermarkets, the Chinese mainland market is treated as a totally new opportunity for the fast-paced development of Tesco. Since 2004, the year when Tesco opened the first supermarket in China, this world famous company opened 89 mass merchandisers, 12 convenience stores and 4 Lifespace shopping plaza mainly covering 30 cities throughout China. According to Terry Leahy, the Chief Executive of Tesco, At a time when customers everywhere are feeling the economic strain, we are responding to their changing needs in all our markets by lowering prices, introducing more affordable products and offering even sharper promotions. He also points out that these actions, combined with their core strengths in selling food and everyday essentials, owning their own property and having a broad business base, are helping them to cope well with the effects of the downturn. All of this gives credit to their marketing strategies. The increasingly perfected marketing strategies seem to be defined as one of the main factors which have helped Tesco register remarkable achievements, not only in sales but also in business evolution during that period of time. This essay will explain the marketing strategies for enterprise branding of Tesco in China. Overview With the fast-paced permeation of high technology, the retail trade, which is closely bound up with peoples daily life, is becoming a focus of societys attention. However, in the retail trade industry, supermarkets are seen as the most fundamental form of marketing, not only provides consumers with the choice of food, but also non-food choices, such as electrical appliances and clothing. According to Mohan (2009), with the development of economic globalization, infinite commercial opportunities are provided for those international retail trade companies which are planning to land their ideally attractive markets. As the UKs largest and worlds third largest grocery retailers, Tesco has adequately played a role of leader in this situation through the same industrial level, in terms of the ability of using IT to excavate the referable data and the marketing strategies to strengthen the loyalty index of consumers and the brand share. On December 8, 2010, Tesco in China reported its results for the third quarter of fiscal year 2010/2011. According to the report for China, there was a strong growth in global business; group sales increased by 8.8%, international business grew by 15.7% of total sales. UK business continued to perform well, total sales increased by 5.0%. Asian markets had a rapid growth, in terms of a sales growth of 23.4%. It is particularly worth mentioning is Tesco in China opened the fourth LifeSpace shopping plaza in Anshan with the business occupancy rate of 96%. (Data available on http://www.cn.tesco.com/en/news/tesco_news1_143.htm) The Necessity of developing the International Market The sustained and rapid development of the economy successfully promoted the international business expansion among a large number of retail trade companies; the choice of international markets can somehow extend the products life cycle and ease the pressures in the local market competition. The main factors why Tesco chose the expansion of international operations are shown below: Britains retail market is currently in the mature stage, therefore, selecting a new breakthrough is necessary; Europes retailers are faced with increasingly intense external challenges and competition at present; hence, it is a wise measure to develop the potential market outside Europe; Tesco now has established branches in 14 countries, as is shown in Appendix 2. As the UKs largest retailer, Tesco has the ability to manage and balance its worldwide operations; In order to surmount the large number of international competitors, it is necessary for Tesco to increase its market share. Tescos marketing strategy in China External Analysis Strategy development or review logically starts with external analysis, an analysis of factors external to a business that can affect strategy. Tesco uses a particularly useful concept in conducting an external analysis, which is called strategic questions; this kind of question often suggests subquestions, each of these sub-questions can, in turn, generate still another level of sub-subquestions. This really helps Tesco know what their consumers are willing to buy. Just as Aaker (1995) said: The goal of external analysis is to influence strategy by identifying opportunities, threats, trends, and strategic questions. Its ultimate goal is to improve strategic choices-decisions as to where and how to compete. Furthermore, external analysis also helps Tesco focus on a single segment or attempt to serve multiple segments, perhaps obtaining across-segment synergies. Budgeting Tesco uses the budget as the most efficient tool for management planning and controlling in China. According to McLaney (2008), Budgets do not exist in a Vacuum; they are an important part of a planning framework that is adopted by well-run businesses. Therefore, a well-prepared budgeting is necessary for a company to develop in an international market. Products Lachman (1986) pointed out that marketers can expand their range of products in order to enhance consumers satisfaction. Driven by the global economic integration, many Chinese consumers began to slowly accept Western culture, as well as the imported food which is produced by the majority of Western suppliers. As an international business, Tesco is able to leverage the advantages of a distribution for the Chinese market with a large number of imported products. While taking into account the price, the quality of the products has been paid more attention by consumers currently. Kayl, the CFO of Tesco, said that the only way to assure the establishment of a permanent link between us and consumers is strictly monitoring the quality of the products. Tesco can satisfy retailers, suppliers and customers, leading to a win-win situation. Services Firstly, although there are many 24-hour convenience stores, the size is not large enough. However, Tesco has achieved a breakthrough in this regard, that is to say building larger stores around the world. Secondly, with the fast-paced development of the Internet, a large number of consumers will choose to shop online; Tesco has not only improved their services, and its online service is also constantly being renovated, so that consumers can enjoy the fun of online shopping. According to Tescos official website, the online shopping sales in 2009 added 30.9%, profits create an increase of 49.2% compared with 2008. Tesco.com possesses 100 million customers in 2009. (Data available on Tesco official website) Thirdly, when the holidays come, it is common that there will appear problems in supply of goods suppliers and collection systems in many supermarkets. Faced with this problem, Tesco also has its own response. Tesco and suppliers are using the suppliers management systems that can have quick replenishments, in order to reduce the rate of the stores OOS (out of stock). In addition, Tesco has also installed self-service cash registers, consumers can check out by scanning their product, which greatly eases the pressure of collection, saving consumers time. Fourthly, Tesco has for a long time implemented a system of membership cards. This system is not a simple loyalty program of filling prescriptive points for exchanging prizes; it is defined as a combination between information technology, database creation, and analyses of consumers, then accordingly to guide and access to more accurate customer segments, more targeted marketing strategies and customer relationship management system. The magnetic strip card and electronic scanning technology is really helpful to analysis each members buying preferences and consumption patterns, Tesco can not only design the personalized quarterly newsletters for different sub-groups, but also greatly enhance the customer satisfaction and loyalty. Fifthly, as the saying goes: The consumers satisfaction is basically from the employees satisfaction. Therefore, Tesco is not only concerned about the interests of consumers, but also pays more attention to the interests of their employees. For example, in order to reduce the work pressure of their employees, Tesco provide every cashier with a seat when they are doing their work. To sum up, Tesco has been working to improving their products and services, in terms of always trying to make up for its own shortcomings and to enhance consumers satisfaction, for instance, some Tesco stores are planning to set up larger parking lots to satisfy Chinas increasing growth of car ownership. 3.5 Market Segmentation Based on the consumers preferences, the customers are divided into six sub-groups by Tesco; there are eight sub-groups which are distributed by life stage; and according to purchasing habits and behavior patterns consumers are divided into as many as 5,000 groups. The benefits which Tesco is gained from the detailed market segmentation include: more targeted pricing strategies more selective procurement plans more personalized promotions more attentive customer services more measurable marketing effects more convincing market research The benefits stated above provide a promotion of consumers satisfaction and loyalty to Tesco. Brand Another commendable marketing strategy is co-branding program, or in other words several strong brands federatively launch a customer loyalty program. Such as for womens Me Time, family women can accumulate points in exchange for their daily purchases in beauty, hair products, or discount coupons for some companies. In these activities, Tesco and those co-operated brands achieved the effect of win-win. At the same time, Tesco has also introduced a large number of own brand products, and compared with those brands, Tescos own brand saved a lot of costs of publicity, and packaging is relatively simple, hence, Tesco has a comparative advantage (cost of sales is lower than others) in price. 3.7 The Welfare State Tesco has a relatively impeccable welfare state, includes retirement security, unemployment insurance system and workers compensation. According to Maks (1990), all three types of welfare security measures effectively improved the situation that welfare state policies create failures that in the real world are more serious than those that they are imagined to cure, since the employees rights and interests are correctly ensured. Conclusion As a result, with the increasingly perfected marketing strategies in China, in terms of the external analysis, budgeting, products, service, market segmentation, the brand and the welfare state, Tesco has delivered solid sales and profits in China, whilst continuing to invest in long-term strategy for growth. Tesco has made a good start to the new financial year, 2011, and Tesco will continue to make good progress even in this unknown and unstable global economic environment. Appendix (Available on http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/media/pr/pr2009/2009-04-21/) Appendix 1 TESCO: GROWTH IN TOUGH TIMES (Financial Statement) 21 April 2009 53 weeks ended 28 February 2009 2008/9 Growth vs 2007/8 53-week basis Group sales (inc. VAT)  £59.4bn 15.1% Group revenue (ex. VAT)  £54.3bn 15.1% Group trading profit  £3,090m 12.4% Underlying profit before tax  £3,128m 10.0% Group profit before tax  £2,954m 5.5% Underlying diluted earnings per share  £28.92p 11.0% Diluted earnings per share  £27.31p 2.6% Dividend per share  £11.96p (Available on http://www.cn.tesco.com/en/news/tesco_news1_143.htm) The part of distributions of Tesco around the world Country Entrance Year Number of shops UK 1897 Czechoslovakia 1996 35 Hungary 1994 87 Poland 1995 105 Turkey 2003 8 China 2004 89 Japan 2003 111 Malaysia 2001 13 South Korea 1999 62

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay The idea of urban planning and policy is to create and help define place within an urban environment. In doing so urban policy can help to construct and craft urban identity via the mechanisms of spatial construct, and the manipulation of activities within that space. Today urban policy making is tasked with providing new mechanisms that enable citizens, planners and policymakers to explore the ways in which we can plan and develop communities that meet the long-term human and environmental needs of our society [Wheeler and Beatly2004, pp 1]. This is the idea of delivering a sustainable city i.e an urban environment that is capable of meeting todays needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs [WCED1987 in Williams et al 2000, pp 3]. Achieving this idea of sustainability in urban planning and policy is not easy. The very idea of sustainability encompasses a broad and extensive range of inter-related issues that continues to challenge ingrained att itudes regarding relationships between culture, nature and governance [Mather 2005 pp 280]. Ebenezer Howards Garden City vision ideal offered a look at how sustainable urban policy may be realized and continues to offer important lessons for our contemporary policy decisions. Garden Cities of Tomorrow: This idea of sustainable urban planning is not a new subject, but is of growing importance in todays society on a global scale. In 1898 Ebenezer Howards Garden Cities of Tomorrow redefined urban planning by offering the first real insight into the ideas of sustainable urban planning and development. One of the single most influential and visionary books in the history of urban planning the Garden City vision outlined a strategy for addressing the problems of the industrial city in a more detailed fashion than had ever been attempted before. So influential was this work that two English garden cities were actually built in the early twentieth century, namely Letchworth and Welwyn, and the concept inspired the British New Town Programme that constructed eleven satellite cities around London between 1940s and 1960s [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The book was seen as a revolutionary breakthrough in how planning is considered in an urban context, as it was the first set of ideas that r eally attempted to balance urban and rural developments. The Garden City concept still offers a vision that can be used to evaluate contemporary urban policy in its attempt to deliver modern sustainable cities on a worldwide scale [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The Origins of the Garden City: The industrial revolution brought about rapid growth for urban areas, and with this growth a set of new problems for our town and country planners. As more and more people were drawn to urban centres in search of work and a better standard of living, the rapid expansion of our urban populations placed great strain on the infrastructure, housing and resources of our cities, which quickly became overcrowded, unsanitary, expensive and highly polluted and poorly serviced. Coupled with this was the continued fall in wages of our agricultural workforce that prohibited new building and development in our rural areas. These conditions precipitated a devastating cycle of urban migration that simply couldnt be controlled, and many people were faced with making the unfulfilling choice between living in a culturally isolated rural area or giving up nature to live in a city [Nair 2009]. As the industrial revolution continued unplanned, congested, polluted slums jammed with a newly impoverished ur ban proletariat began to characterise and dominate the landscape of nineteenth century industrial cities [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 12]. As cities continued to expand in this fashion, so negative images began to be associated with our urban centres and the suburbs became characterised as a sprawling cancer of bricks spreading out across the British landscape [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 141]. Patterns of Modern Urban Growth: These patterns of growth seen in the UK during the industrial revolution mirror those that we are seeing in countries across the world as the developing nations begin to emerge on worldwide markets. The worlds urban population has more than doubled since 1950 and a recent about the growth of urban populations from the United Nations Population Division notes that half of the worlds population now lives in urban areas, and within the next 30 years, nearly two-thirds of the worlds population will live in urban areas [Rodrigue 2005, Vlahov et al 2007, pp 16]. These patterns of growth precipitate the same problems seen during the industrial revolution in the UK as rapid urbanisation continues to place too great a strain on urban resources. In the developing world, where most of the global urbanisation is to be observed, a large segment of that growth is into slums concentrated areas of disadvantage [Vlahov et al 2007, pp18]. These areas are characterized by lack of basic services, inade quate and often dangerous living environments, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Urban policy needs to start considering how to turn these patterns of urban growth into something that can become sustainable for both our environment, and ensure that the needs of our society are met. Design of the Garden City: In What Ways is it Sustainable? Many have identified Garden Cities as examples of sustainable cities that can continue to offer key lessons for modern urban policy. In order for a city to be considered as a sustainable urban development its principle aims must be to create a user-friendly and resourceful area, not only in terms of its form and energy efficiency, but also its function as a place for living [Elkin et al 1991, pp 12]. Sustainable urban development also requires the achievement of urban development aspirations concerning inter and intra-generational equity via a stock of natural resources that should not be depleted beyond its regenerative capacity [Breheny 1992, pp 1]. From these ideas Smith et al 1998 established a list of sustainable urban principles which included Living off environmental interest rather than capital Acknowledging the idea of environmental thresholds and living within these Developing a sense of equity and social justice Forming inclusive procedures for decision making Howard saw the extreme overcrowding of early industrial cities with its accompanying problems of sanitation, services, pollution and public health as a growing issue of urban design. His Garden City concept was a response to this, with planned communities aimed at relieving both the overcrowding of cities and deprivation in the countryside. Founded with Letchworth, then Hampstead, Bourneville and Port Sunlight, the Garden City was an attempt to create a modern utopia in urban design [Campbell 2010]. Howard believed that creating new balance between city and country in which populations were decentralized into carefully planned new communities in the countryside would help to create a more sustainable urban landscape [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 7]. The Howard vision was for Garden Cities to become self-contained co-operative settlements sustainable urban centres that could create networks of self sufficiency by creating a symbiotic relationship between urban and rural development. Garden Cities were to be defined by a radial planning style, with pre-defined zonation for public parks, private lawns, new forests and agricultural holdings. Commercial, residential and public use areas were to be clearly defined (as shown in figure 1) and wide arching roads and the idea of a radial rail network were incorporated to ease the burden on infrastructural requirements of urban areas. These urban developments were to become more than just a place to house a growing populous. They were to d esigned to be viable economic communities where industry, public buildings and housing would be carefully planned to create an environment on a human scale, where the built environment would be balanced with the natural [architecture.com]. Figure 1: Howards outline for an ideal Garden City [From Garden Cities of Tomorrow Howard 1902 Source: RIBA British Architectural Library]. When evaluating the design on this Garden City vision in relation to todays urban policy framework, it is clear where the ideas of sustainability are found. Howards vision incorporates vast areas of green space both landscaped for recreational use, and set aside for agricultural practices. Green spaces like these can be seen as both a social advantage but they are also invaluable carbon sinks in moving towards sustainable urban policy. Surrounded farmland creates an automatic market for local agriculture, which can be significantly more sustainable than conventional agriculture given its low transport emissions [Campbell 2010]. Pedestrian friendly cities, encouraging an increased focus on social conditions and a respect for our natural environment is a fairly modern approach to sustainable urban planning. Howards objective, in short was to raise the standard of health and comfort of all true workers of whatever grade the means by which these objects are to be achieved being a healt hy, natural, and economic combination of town and country life, and this on land owned by the municipality. His ideas received worldwide acclaim, with developments created in the UK, South Africa, the USA, and in Germany where the steel company Krupp, concerned about the low morals of badly housed workers, built the garden village of Margrethenhohe [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Sustainable Development in Modern Urban Planning and Policy: The broad aims of sustainable development are now central to urban planning and public policy [Batty 2006, pp 29]. For the first 70 years on the twentieth century the designs and master plans for our modernist cities were focused on new development. Urban planning was focused on starting fresh building new cities stripped of the chaos of the nineteenth century city and the dull provincialism associated with Howards Garden City [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 105]. The Garden Cities were defined by their spatial zoning patterns with different areas designated different land uses (as shown in Figure 1). Current patterns of urban planning appear to be moving away from this approach as it became more considered that the most effective solution to achieving sustainable urban form was the implementation of the compact city idea. The compact city advocates the use of high-density mixed use urban form. Many planners preferential use of this urban form is attributed to the perceived advantage s of mix-use planning such as conservation of green-belt areas, reduction in commuter distances and the associated effects of reduced emissions, more efficient infrastructure and utility provision, and the revitalisation and regeneration of inner urban areas [Williams et al 2000, pp 19]. In essence many urban planners adopt and create mixed use developments in order to better achieve a long terms economic stability and to add to an areas vitality and vibrancy that could perhaps not be achieved with single use spatially defined development. There are obvious advantages to this approach when evaluated against the Garden City idea. Firstly there is a better use of brownfield development preserving Greenfield sites and protecting these areas from the threat of urban development. As a result of the growing importance of a sustainable approach to urban policy, brownfield sites have quickly become the key strategic target for meeting housing and development needs across our urban regions by re-using previously developed land. This was further emphasised by Planning and Policy Guidance Note 3 (2000), which set a target for local authorities of building 60% of new housing on brownfield sites [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 5]. Many urban policy makers would consider that new communities based on Greenfield development, show little regard to the long-term environmental impacts. The impacts of losing that land to urban development, as well sourcing materials, maintaining buildings, the environmental impact of the building itself, infr astructural developments is not really thoroughly built into the costs to our natural environment. In the wider view, however, the question of urban form is much more than simple density and brown/green choices it is about the spatial structure of human activities [Williams et al 2000, pp 255]. Garden Cities Lessons for Future Urban Policies: The Garden City style was cautious, pragmatic and designed to appear reasonable to the average citizen [Wheeler and Beatley 2004, pp 12]. Though Howards search for a balance between city and country life is still central to sustainable communities, the emphasis has shifted in many developed nations. Instead of the extreme dense nineteenth century city with a frequent shortage of decent housing, clean water, and basic sanitation, we now have relatively low-density, automobile-dependent suburbs with a much higher quality of housing and infrastructure but with many other problems [Howard and Beatly 2004, pp 12]. Even in developing countries the pragmatic application of the Garden City idea needs to be called into question. Howards garden settlements were based on the development of very low density housing. In his work Howard cites that the ideal population size for his new Garden Cities was to be 32,000 on a site of 6000 acres of available cheap rural land. Of this acreage 1000 acres w ould be reserved for the city itself, which would be surrounded by another 5,000 acres of green-belt farmland [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp72]. These figures today are clearly not sustainable, however many overlook Howards vision of emerging social cities linked Garden Cities in a multi-centred metropolis interwoven with green space. This is shown in figure 2 which shows a central town of 58,000 is shown surrounded by six garden cities around its circumference, each with 32,000, providing a city of 250,000 people [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 72]. . Figure 2: The Garden City Complex from Garden Cities of Tomorrow: Taken from http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/UrbanSustainability/943 Highlighted in both figure 1 and 2 is Howards idea of concentric road and rail networks. This idea is seen extensively in modern urban planning, where congestion problems are often eased via ring-road development. These have become an important attribute of the spatial structures of cities, notably in North America [Rodrigue 2005]. Howard was also interested in more than just the physical plans of a city; he also wanted to develop an urban centre where the shared ownership of land was encouraged. Howard wanted the Garden City to be socially, economically, as well as ecologically sustainable [Giradet 1996, pp 54]. While this idea had many merits, these ideas were formulated before cars became widespread and its implications understood. It also came before the huge wave of twentieth-century suburbinization turned Howards garden city idea into much-simplified garden suburbs and created a whole new set of development problems in the process. In recent years the presumption is for high de nsity and brown field development to be used as a sustainable model. Despite the sustainable ideas of the Garden City model did not quite created the modern urban utopia Howard had envisaged. Welwyn Garden City today is a city of 100,000 people and is considered as a Garden City of form rather than function. It serves mainly as a commuter city for London, and its agricultural belt never became a reality [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Though not realised in its entirety the Garden City concept, of creating a spacious city in the garden has not been forgotten, and there is a strong continued desire to re-instate the countryside in inner cities in the hope of attracting people back to the city centre and to allow those who wish to do so to migrate to new purpose built garden cities, constructed on Greenfield sites [Giradet 1996, pp 170]. More importantly a lot of the ideas are coming from the urban community itself. The concept of urban permaculture (long-term crop growing in the city) has be come fashionable in countries such as Australia, the USA and Germany and there is a growing trend in maintaining sustainable lifestyles within our urban environments [Giradet 1996, pp 138]. Conclusions: The British Garden City experiments were hugely influential policy-expressions of concerns over the problems of large cities during the Industrial revolution [Haughton and Hunter, 2004, pp 73]. The rise of congested and unsanitary urban environments became of great concern, and urban planning became preoccupied with trying to develop ways of making urban development sustainable. Ebenezer Howard was revolutionary in this idea of sustainable growth. He envisioned humane, social, Garden Cities surrounded by greenbelts, encapsulating the idea of a new balance between our cities and our natural environments. These sorts of visionary or utopian writings help expand the framework of permissible ideas for a generation or more. Although mainstream thinkers tend to scorn idealism of all sorts, it has often been extremely influential and successful [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 278]. So successful were the ideas and visions of Howards Garden Cities he lived to see several of them built, and thou gh his ideas never quite materialised beyond this time, his ideas about developing sustainable communities are should still be considered as the foundation of urban policy and planning today. Howard defines the mainstream of utopian tradition. His utopian vision may not have been realised in its entirety, but each had influence on the way contemporary cities, and city life, developed in the twentieth century [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 300]. The question now, as at the turn of the nineteenth century, remains how to rethink this balance and achieve sustainable city development. The Garden City model, if re-applied in a modern context, could go a long way in helping urban policy makers achieve this goal.

The Misconceptions Of The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay examples -- e

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upton Sinclair had always insisted that The Jungle was misread but did he ever think it could have been miswritten? The style of writing is not effective when addressing issues in a capitalistic society but proves to be very effective when exposing the secrets of the meatpacking industry. The novel is not remembered for being a classic work in literature but rather an important book in history in that it changed the way America looked at food in the early part of the century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair loses his argument for Socialism at around the time when the characters in the book lose their humanity. The multitude of unfortunate situations and events makes the story more and more unrealistic and the reader loses a sense of compassion for the characters. Now, instead of being characters, they become objects in which the most you can do is pity them. When Jurgis comes home from jail to find his barely eighteen year-old wife dying, the third person omniscient narration guides the reader through the mind of Jurgis: â€Å"She was dead! She was dead! He would never see her again, never hear her again! An icy horror of loneliness seized him.† (190) After Ona’s death, one could not anticipate anything more to go wrong, but it does. In just a short time later, Jurgis’ son Antanas drowned in the street. It is extremely obvious that Sinclair is a Socialist himself. Anything and everything that could go wrong in the first three quarters of th...

Electron Microscope Essay -- science

Electron Microscope The electron microscope has become one of the most widely utilized instruments for materials characterization. An electron microscope is a scientific instrument that allows us to â€Å"see† objects so small that they cannot be seen in any other way. (CITE) Electron microscopes have allowed scientists to see individual molecules and atoms for the first time. Most microscopes, including those in schools and laboratories today, are optical microscopes. They use glass lenses to enlarge, or magnify, an image. An optical microscope cannot produce an image of an object smaller than the length of the light wave in use. To see anything smaller than 2,000 angstroms (about 1/250,000 of an inch) a wave of shorter length would have to be used. In 1923, a French physicist Louis de Broglie suggested that electrons, like light, travel in a wave. In addition, the wavelength of electrons is much shorter than the wavelength of light. An electron is an elementary particle carrying a unit of charge of negative electricity. (CITE) J. J. Thompson discovered the electron in 1897 while showing what cathode rays were composed of. (CITE) The first time that the electron was used for a unit of negative electricity was in the late 19th century by the English physicist G. J. Stoney. The electron is the lightest particle having a non-zero rest mass. Electrons also have a wavelike property, which made them prime candidates for microscopes and other devices. Ernst Ruska (190...

Calculate the revised product costs for the four pens Essay

1.Calculate the revised product costs for the four pens, based on the activity information collected by Assignment: This case may be completed in groups of two or individually. You are responsible for finding a partner if you choose to complete the case with another student. Purchase and read the Harvard Business School Case: Classic Pen Company: Developing an ABC Model located at the following link: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/27312446. (Note: The last case for the course, Foxy Originals is also contained in this course pack and should also be purchased for your final case). After reading the case, perform the following: 1.Calculate the revised product costs for the four pens, based on the activity information collected by Dempsey. Prepare this analysis using an excel spreadsheet (please print out the spreadsheet on one page – it should fit). 2.Prepare a new Income Statement, using excel or word, for Classic Pen (by product and in total) using the ABC cost information (please print this out on one page). 3.Compare the ABC Income Statement to the Traditional Income Statement presented in the case. 4.Based on this comparison, write a memo, to me, addressing the actions this new ABC cost information could stimulate Classic Pen to pursue. Be thorough while still maintaining strong business writing skills: conciseness; clarity; critical  thinking; readability; proper use of grammar, punctuation and spelling. The memo should be prepared in Microsoft Word or a comparable word processing application, use 1 inch margins, times new roman 12 point font, single spacing and not exceed 2 pages (this does not include your supporting spreadsheet data 1 and 2 above). 5.Turn in your memo and supporting data in class on Thursday, June 12, 2014. Please note: It is a violation of the academic code of ethics to refer to case notes or solutions obtained through the internet or from people who previously performed the work or studied the class materials, cases or projects. Use of any of these materials will be considered plagiarism. Not only will this not help you on the course exams and CPA exam; it will cheat you of the academic experience. It is the responsibility of every student to report anyone who violates this principle. I reserve the right to request submission in electronic format and have access to plagiarism detection software. You are free to discuss this case with other students; however you (and your partner if applicable) must produce your own set of work to be turned in as your deliverable. Use of someone else’s work in any form will be considered plagiarism and dealt with accordingly. I am available as a resource but I should be viewed as a â€Å"last resort†. I will answer specific questions but I will not frame the deliverable or pre-screen your work prior to submission of your final deliverable. The calculations in this case are quite straight-forward, the more challenging part of the case is framing your response to question 4 and it is good practice for you as current/future business professionals. There is not â€Å"one right answer†; your response should, however, be logical, critically thought out and well communicated. Good luck!! A Note on Business Writing: Effective business writing is critical to your future professional success. In addition, the AICPA evaluates candidates’ writing skills in the computerized Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Exam. Please use this case as a chance to practice your business writing. A great resource to use if you feel you need help in this area is the following: Effective Writing: A Handbook for Accountants; Claire B. May and Gordon S. May; Pearson Prentice Hall. The Uniform CPA Examination consists of multiple-choice questions and condensed case studies called simulations. Each case study simulation will include a writing skills exercise. In this portion of the exam, candidates must read a situation description and then write an appropriate document (â€Å"constructed response†) relating to the situation. The instructions will state what form the document should take (such as a memo or letter) and its focus. The candidate’s response should provide the correct information in writing that is clear, complete, and professional. Only those writing samples that are generally responsive to the topic will be graded. If your response is off-topic, or offers advice that is clearly illegal, you will not receive any credit for the response. Constructed responses will be scored holistically. Scores will be based on three general writing criteria: Organization, Development, and Expression. Organization: the document’s structure, order ing of ideas, and linking of one idea to another: †¢Overview/thesis statement †¢Unified paragraphs (topic and supporting sentences) †¢Transitions and connectives Development: the document’s supporting evidence/information to clarify thoughts: †¢Details †¢Definitions †¢Examples †¢Rephrasing Expression: the document’s use of conventional standards of business English: †¢Grammar (sentence construction, subject/verb agreement, pronouns, modifiers) †¢Punctuation (final, comma) †¢Word usage (incorrect, imprecise language) †¢Capitalization †¢Spelling

Challange Faced by University Students Essay

Education is the most important aspect of learning for every generation established in every mode. In university there are different field of studies with different years of each program. It is obvious that new students are going to face further challenges in university. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies. This essay will discuss these challenges in condition of financial, social, and academic. To begin with, financial problems are a major challenge for university students includes tuition fee, rent expenses, and text books. Tuition fee is the most common challenge for these students. Though, for some they only take one or two units per semester because of financial problems. The high costs of fee causes many problems for those who are not sponsored. Besides, fee expenses for each semester cost of thousands of dollars. So, tuition fee is a great burden for the unsponsored students. Furthermore, text books are the most essential property students must have in university. First year students also suffered in buying text books regarding to financial problem. Those who are not sponsored are suffered the most on the high cost of these books. Another challenge is that some of them have not enough money in a pocket. But in this case, such challenges can create lot of troubles in their minds throughout their time in the university. Moreover, rent is also a challenge for these students. These students might live in different hostels where some are cheap but isolated from the campus, and some are nearby the campus but expensive. It is better to live nearby the campus for new students to avoid troubles. However, they have problem with monthly rent where it is expensive but must be cleared. Another reason is based on a small amount of their allowance which cannot meet their expenses on rent and others. However, these financial challenges make them concern the most. Another major†¦ [continues]. Read full essay